Air Operations, Bonin and Volcano IslandsVB-109 PB4Ys based at Isely Field, Saipan/ attack Iwo Jima, Chichi Jima, and Haha Jima airfields. [ | ]Air Operations, CarolinesFEAF B-24s attack the Yap Atoll. [ | ]Air Operations, CBIBURMA
Air Operations, East Indies
Air Operations, EuropeRAF BOMBER COMMANDDaylight Ops:
Air Operations, Marianas
Air Operations, New Guinea
Diplomatic RelationsThe Russian-supported Polish Committee of National Liberation is formed. [ | ]Eastern FrontSouthwest of Kovel, in the central sector, the force of the 1st Belorussian Front reach the Bug River on a front of 40 miles. NORTHERN SECTORThe Soviet 1st Shock Army pierces the front of the 18th Army near Ostrov as the 3rd Panzer Army buckles under assaults from the 2nd Guards and 51st Armies. SOUTHERN SECTORThe 4th Panzer Army is crumbling, the Soviet 8th Guards Army having reached the Bug River. A relief attack by the XLVIII Panzer Corps toward the Brody Pocket fails.[MORE] [ | ]English ChannelThe British destroyer Isis sinks on a mine off Normandy with the loss of 154 of her crew. [ | ]ItalyUnits of the American 34th Div succeed in establishing an advance post along Highway 67 southeast of Pisa. The French 4th Mountain Div reaches the line Santo Stefano-Castelfiorention-Certalto on the left flank of the line. The British XIII Corps has to modify its plan of attack to allow it to cover a wider front with its divisions, so as to take in the sector at present held by the French Expeditionary Corps, which is being withdrawn from the front. The region between the Chianti hills and Highway 2 offers few defenses, and the greatest efforts will be concentrated on the left flank, where the New Zealand 2nd Div and 8th Indian Div are getting ready to attack. The South African 7th Arm Div captures Monte San Michele and Monte Querciabella allowing the 4th Div and British 6th Arm Div to advance into the Arno valley. [ | ]MarianasThe bombardment of Tinian is stepped up a stage when army arty based on Saipan adds its weight to the attacks from the air and by naval shelling. As the American fleet approaches its objective, the air and naval bombardment of Guam, which has been almost ceaseless since July 7, is stepped up to an unprecedented level. [ | ]Occupied FranceGerman military conspirators temporarily seize control of Paris and imprison local SS personnel but wait in vain to hear confirmation of Hitler's death from Berlin. The SS regain control and release their comrades after Hitler's broadcast. [ | ]Western FrontThe US 1st Army continues its preparation for Operation COBRA. In the Caen sector the Canadian 2nd Div captures St Andrè-sur-Orne after some hard fighting. The British attacks south and east of Caen continue, but the tenacious German antitank defense has worn down the advance units and cut their momentum. [ | ]Germany, ResistanceShortly after midday a bomb explodes in the conference room at Hitler's HQ at Rastenburg in East Prussia. Hitler, although badly shaken, is only slightly hurt. The bomb has been planted by Col Count Claus von Stauffenberg who represents in this a wide-ranging conspiracy of senior officers and a few politicians. Immediately after the bomb goes off the conspirators act on the assumption that Hitler is dead. In fact the bomb, disguised in a briefcase has been moved slightly by another officer and Hitler, shielded from the blast by the heavy leg of the map table, thus survives. Not all the elements of the conspirators' plan are carried out with sufficient ruthlessness to achieve much success, and once it is clear that Hitler has survived, the plot falls apart. On the first day several of the leading participants, including von Stauffenberg, are shot in Berlin, and eventually the Nazi vengeance will encompass several thousand executions. Hitler later delights in watching film of these. Among those actively involved in the plot are Gen Ludwig Beck, Carl Gordeler (formerly mayor of Leipzig), Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben, Gen Franz Halder and others taken from aristocratic and Roman Catholic groups. Many others know of the plot including Rommel, von Kluge and Canaris but have done nothing to help or hinder it. The security of the plot is easily penetrated and many of the conspirators are quickly rounded up. The effect of the incident on Hitler is first to increase his pathological distrust of the generals and second, when combined with the physical deterioration caused by the dubious combination of medicines he takes, the shock of the explosion further weakens his ability to concentrate and to remain stable in the face of reverses. He becomes less interested in his work and more prone to wild outbursts. Hitler moves to his East Prussian headquarters at Rastenburg. An unsuccessful attempt is made to assassinate Hitler by Col Count Claus Schenk von Stauffenbert at the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg, Hitlers headquarters in the East. Stauffenberg had been drawn into the circle of military conspirators against Hitler but also quickly formed the opinion that they lacked resolution. Thus it was taht he took it upon himself, as someone with access to Hitler's conferences but so disabled as to escape body search, to smuggle a bomb into the Führer's conference room. Hitler and the other 24 occupants of the room suffer varying degrees of wounds, the most serious being the loss of life of Col Brant and Herr Berger, who die immediately, and Generalleutnant Schmundt and Gen Korten, dying subsequently from wounds they have received. The remaining 20 suffer superficial wounds and shock, save for Gen Buhle and Generalmajor Scherff, who are more seriously injured. Unfortunately, though Stauffenberg makes good his escape from the Rastenburg headquarters, the Berlin conspirators fail to act with resolution during his return flight to the city, and by the time he has arrived, they have lost irretrievable time. By the evening the coup has foundered and Gen Fromm, head of the Home Army, who hoped thereby to remove the evidence of his own complicity, shot Stauffenberg, with others, in the courtyard of the War Ministry. The assassination attempt, codenamed 'Valkyrie', had failed, but coup signals had been sent out. The German command in Paris started to take over from the Nazis until news of the failure came through. Coup plotters and large numbers of suspects, including Canaris and Oster, were rounded up. Gen Ludwig Beck and others commited suicide. From July until April 1945 trials and executions of suspects continued. Images from July 20, 1944
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[July 19th - July 21st] |