| German soldiers during the retreat from Moscow, 1941. The number of casualties on the Soviet and German sides is open for debate, partly because the dates for the Battle of Moscow or Operation TYPHOON are variously given and partly owing to the elastic scope of battle. Perhaps the best approach is to say that estimated casualties between September 30, 1941, and January 7, 1942, range from 174,000 to 400,000 for Army Group Center and from 650,000 to 1,280,000 for the Red Army. Regardless of the huge spread between the low and high numbers, the Battle of Moscow must be considered among the most lethal battles in World War II.
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